Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Article Title: Intrinsic cellular chirality regulates left–right symmetry breaking during cardiac looping

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1808052115

Figure Lengend Snippet: Activation of PKC signaling reverses cell chirality in the myocardium before cardiac looping. ( A ) Confocal images of Golgi (anti-GM130, green) and nucleus (Hoechst, blue) in the ventral myocardium of control and TPA (a PKC activator)-treated embryos at HH9. ( B ) Circular histogram of angle distribution of Golgi polarization in the ventral myocardium at HH9 in control and TPA-treated groups. n = (number of cells, number of embryos). ( C ) Quantification of Golgi polarization with respect to the nucleus along the anterior–posterior and right–left axes for control and TPA-treated embryos. ( D ) Confocal images of the chick ventral myocardium at HH9 for control and TPA-treated chicken embryos, with Phalloidin (F-actin) staining to visualize cell boundaries. ( E ) Circular histogram of angle distribution of cell boundaries in the ventral myocardium at HH9 for control and TPA-treated embryos. n = (number of cell boundaries, number of embryos). ( F ) Percentage of cell boundaries in the ventral myocardium at HH9 with angles between −90° to 0° and 0°–90° for control and TPA-treated embryos. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. A, anterior; L, left; P, posterior; R, right. (Scale bars: 20 µm.)

Article Snippet: A custom-written program in MATLAB was used to draw the angular histogram depicting Golgi polarization as anterior left, posterior left, posterior right, or anterior right.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control, Staining